Žilinská univerzita v Žiline
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Item Danger of icing when operating unmanned aerial vehicles(University of Žilina, 2022) Ondrejková, Ivana; Kandera, BranislavThe paper examines icing on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) during the flight. We chose the Mavic Pro and Mavic 2 Pro UAV by company DJI to carry out the research. Research flights are performed during the early morning hours with meteorological conditions suitable for icing. We use the AirData application to analyse flight data. The aim of the work is to find out how dangerous icing is, what meteorological conditions are suitable for icing, how fast icing is formed during the operation of an unmanned aircraft and how it is possible to suppress or eliminate icing. In introduction of this work elaborated theoretical knowledge about the formation of icing and its types. Subsequently, the negative effects of icing on the flight are described, such as changes in lift, drag, controllability of the aircraft and others. The following section describes the accidents of UAV due to the impact of icing. After analysing the data from the mentioned application, we proposed recommendations for pilots of UAV. Before the flight, we recommend checking the meteorological forecast, focusing on the temperature and humidity at the flight area, usually up to 120 meters above the Earth surface. In-flight recommendations include monitoring rotation speed of propellers and frequent inspection of propellers in meteorological conditions suitable for icing and others.Item Výcvik pilotov bezpilotných prostriedkov(University of Zilina, 2022) Kováčiková, Kristína; Kandera, Branislav; Kováčiková, MartinaUnmanned aerial vehicles are a part of a fast-growing aviation sector that has the potential to create new jobs as well as economic growth in the individual countries of the European Union. Unmanned aerial vehicle is a relatively new concept compared to the aircraft and it is possible to still find shortcomings in pilot training. The aim of the scientific paper is to map the current state of pilot training regarding unmanned aerial vehicles and to determine the level of demand for the implementation of an unmanned aerial vehicle flight simulator in the flight training of pilots of unmanned aerial vehicles at the Department of Air Transport at the University of Žilina.Item Monitoring of technical state of unmanned aerial vehicles(University of Zilina, 2022) Lagin, Samuel; Kandera, BranislavThe aim of this work is to study current possibilities of monitoring the technical state of the unmanned aircraft from the most basic activities to the more advanced aircraft systems. Partial goal is to create a simple general maintenance checklist for cases when the manufacturer does not publish any maintenance procedures, or the manufacturer is the owner and pilot of the aircraft, in case of DIY aircraft. Theoretical part is devoted to description of most common components of current UAVs and their possible failures and stating current possibilities for maintaining awareness of the technical state of the aircraft prior to, during and after the execution of a flight. Second part will state how to extract the flightlogs and what tools can be used to analyze them. The result of this work is creating general maintenance checklists as well as stating the information about the process of modifying this checklist for the UAV in question. Mentioned checklists will be created for pre-flight, post-flight and regular maintenance check.Item Rozbor bezpečnosti letov UAV a konspekt aktuálnych legislatívnych požiadaviek(University of Žilina, 2021) Škultéty, Filip; Kandera, Branislav; Janovec, MichalDespite the recent legislation, which has been formed in the last five years to its current form, the safety for the UAV operation is borne by the pilot, as he/she is the one who is responsible for the direction of UAV movement thus for any collision. For this reason, it is necessary to increase the safety of UAV operations outside the duties and competencies of the pilot at a distance, for example, through anti-collision systems and air traffic management systems. This article was initially focused on analysing aviation events in Slovakia associated with the operation of the UAV. Another factor that significantly affects the operation of UAVs to a large extent is the legislation itself. A special part was devoted to the legislation in terms of airspace determination, procedures and rules of operation of the UAV. From a legislative point of view, it is currently an important aspect to define the correct and reasonable level between the restrictions in order to increase the safety of operation only on an indispensable scale, not to be very restrictive to operators.Item Inspecting activities with unmanned aerial vehicles in the energy industry(University of Zilina, 2021) Beszédes, Vladim; Kandera, BranislavThe paper acquaints the reader with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the energy industry. The first chapter is devoted to the distribution of unmanned aerial vehicles and the distribution of energy as a sector where, according to individual categories, the activities of UAVs in a specific category are described. The second chapter discusses in detail the situation in Slovakia, what legislative acts are subject to inspection activities and to what extent the use of UAV is represented in individual categories of energy in Slovakia. In the following pages, we performed an exemplary high-voltage inspection flight and described the necessary steps to perform a safe flight. In the last fourth chapter, the findings and findings related to the paper and the final summary are evaluated.Item Design of UAV detection system utilizing communication monitoring(University of Zilina, 2021) Brodniansky, Martin; Novák, AndrejAim of the paper is to design a system capable of detecting unmanned aerial vehicles utilizing radio communication sensing. The need to detect UAVs is caused by combination of their compact size, sensing capabilities, autonomous nature, ways of misusing them or their spread among unprofessional users unaware of their own risky handling of UAV. All these factors can lead to serious security threats and risk to human lives or infrastructure. In this paper, radio communication detection system is proposed as part of a robust system where radio detection is supplemented by other methods, to maximise probability of UAV detection. Significant attention was dedicated to deeper analysis of current progress in the area of radio communication detection systems as well as acoustic, visual and radar detection. Based on this analysis, all systems were compared together based on probability of detection and distances of detection. Comparation together with different properties of detection methods were basic stepping stone for final system proposal. Robust detection system was successfully designed with radio detection as its primary component, radar detection serving primarily as localizer of UAV, acoustic system serving as backup for detection of UAVs without radio communication and visual system for final confirmation of UAV, its model and presence of camera or loadItem New threats in security(University of Zilina, 2021) Kundráthová, Natália; Lysina, KarolThe article is focused on modern threats in the department of security. The urge to address this issue is due to growing occurrence of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) all around the world. The operation of these vehicles is also closely linked to incidents that threaten security, but the most serious are increasing numbers of incidents connected to operation of UAV. For correct processing, it is very important to define the basic concepts and facts related to the topic of UAV. Safety and security in general, are inseparable parts of air transport. Taking into account the constant development of aviation technology, especially in the department of UAV, it is necessary to know the emerging threats and pitfalls associated with the operation of UAV. The following chapters define in more detail the causes of incidents. Later on, we get to know various methods of detection and protection connected to operation of UAV using the comparative method. Key part of our paper is being formed by the analysis of current regulatory framework at European and national level. The result is a proposal for new legislation that could and also should be implemented in national regulations. All things considered, such legislation must meet all attributes necessary for the safe operation of UAV and protection against their illegal use.Item Approaches of chosen air navigation services providers to UAV integration into air traffic control systems(University of Zilina, 2021) Matúš, Peter; Materna, MatúšIn this article are approaches of Air Navigation Services (ANS) providers in chosen countries to UAV integration into Air Traffic Control Systems identified and described. Firstly we made a synpaper of theoretical information about ANS and UAV. Product of ANS providers has 11 parts. For UAV traffic control and management are important ATC, CNS, AIS, MET, ATFCM and ASM services. The volume of ANS provided depends on UAV operation development in the country, and on the level of integration of UAV into ATC systems. The biggest problem of UAV operation is the risk of collision with piloted aircraft, and potential threat of people and property on the ground. The biggest risk is during UAV operation close to airports, because there are many aircrafts flying in low altitudes (after take-off and on approach to landing). The consequences of collision in this altitudes in the most serious. Because of this, 4 ways to detect and 2 ways to mitigate an unauthorized UAV close to airport are currently in use. Various combinations of UAV detection and mitigation ways create complex airport UAV protection systems. Secondly, we chose 7 countries (Poland, Hungary, Germany, Great Britain, USA, India, and United Arab Emirates), and analysed their approaches to UAV integration. In all of the analysed countries can remote pilots use a mobile application, which allows them to create a flight plan, and receive all the information, necessary for the flight. Differences between these countries are for example if the permission in required for every UAV flight (in Hungary and India yes), if the ANS provider has an opportunity to watch UAV during flight (in Poland, India, and partly in Germany), if the UAV operation without direct visual contact between remote pilot and UAV is allowed (in Poland and Germany), and if are UAV operations included into airspace capacity management systems (in Poland, Hungary, Germany, and Great Britain). UAV integration process in next years will relate to development of communication systems between UAVs, between UAV and ATC, and between UAV and piloted aircraft. The process will also relate to development of technologies to avoid mid-air collisions.Item Using SDR receivers for UAV detection(University of Zilina, 2021) Dianovský, Robert; Novák, AndrejAs the number of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) increases, new dangers arise for airports and other facilities. Because of this, the need for UAV detection and monitoring in areas, that might be endangered by their operation, is becoming an important topic. Introductory chapters are dedicated to the identification of potential risks posed by UAV operations and research of existing monitoring methods. The main goal of the paper, about which is this article, is to research the possibility of UAV detection by using accessible amateur SDR (Software-Defined Radio) for intercepting radio communications between UAV and its control station. Possible radio detection and localization methods were proposed based on the analysis of radio transmissions used in unmanned aerial systems. A simple theoretical design of SDR-based detection and localization system for monitoring unauthorized UAVs was developed by choosing appropriate methods. The principles and methods used in the design were experimentally demonstrated in several laboratory experiments. Successful realization of this design would possibly improve the availability of drone monitoring systems and reduce their production costs.Item The use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the mountain rescue service(University of Zilina, 2021) Gánovský, Martin; Kandera, BranislavThe theme of paper is the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the Mountain rescue service. At the beginning, a brief summary about the history and development of unmanned aerial vehicles is made, starting from the very beginning to their gradual integration into the rescue systems all around the world. This part is followed by an analysis of the currently valid Slovak legislation regulating the rules of flying with unmanned aerial vehicles on the territory of Slovak Republic, which also affects the flight operations of mountain rescuers. Author also included an analysis of the European legislation, which should gradually replace the currently valid Slovak legislation and unify the rules of operation of unmanned aerial vehicles on the territory of the member states. The third chapter describes the use of specific types of unmanned aerial vehicles used by the Mountain rescue service of Slovak Republic and also of other European countries. We focused on the operational advantages and disadvantages compared to other types of aircraft technology used in the mountain rescue systems. The last part consists of an analysis of available equipment used in conjunction with unmanned aerial vehicles during avalanche accidents. Part of the work is also researching the possible extensions of mountain rescue operations by the implementation of modern avalanche beacons attached on the unmanned vehicles. In a research we focused mainly on the possible interference caused by the operation of unmanned aerial vehicle in close vicinity of an avalanche beacon.