Zvyšovanie bezpečnosti a kvality v civilnom letectve

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ADS-B MESSAGES AS A SOURCE OF OPERATIONAL DATA IN AVIATION
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Noskievič, Tomáš; Kraus, Jakub
Automatic dependent surveillance has been becoming one of the technologies for aircraft surveillance. ADS-B messages which are broadcast from the aircraft to the ground contain many valuable information about the state and position of the aircraft. This paper presents more options for airline and airport operators how to utilize the information derived from the ADS-B messages. Particularly it deals with unstabilized approach detection, evaluation of the navigation integrity and arrivals and departures recording.
AIRLINE HUBBING CONCEPTS
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Števárová, Lucia; Badánik, Benedikt
New forms of cooperation between airlines have been in place since nineties. Airline alliances have been formed among network carriers. Before, cooperation of airlines was based on bilateral agreements on code-sharing of their flights. For instance, in 1989 KLM and Northwest agreed on large-scale code sharing. Nowadays, three major alliances might be recognized - Star Alliance, SkyTeam and oneworld. Together, they count for two thirds of total number of available seat kilometres. Airlines in alliances benefit from extended network and economies of scope and are prone to gain competitive advantage over the market by being able to offer more O&Ds and multiple routings via their hubs. Furthermore, they might save cost by sharing their capacity, facilities (gates, premium lounges) and equipment with partner airlines. Airline networks are defined by served markets, number of destinations, their configuration and airline business models. There are two concepts of network structures recognised nowadays: Hub and spoke and Point-to-point. This paper offers insights to the Hub and spoke concept. First of all, it examines hubbing concepts in general, it describes detailed aspects that influence passenger connectivity and on top of that it offers different hub airports wave patterns and airline hubbing concepts.
ALTERNATIVE ENGINE SYSTEMS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Novák, Andrej; Kováčik, Ľubomír; Lusiak, Tomasz
The article deals with the operational characteristics of alternative aircraft propulsion systems and their impact on the environment. Recently, the issue of alternative aircraft propulsion systems has been brought to the forefront. Particularly with reference to the environment, which in the case of aviation is represented by reducing noise emissions while reducing CO2 emissions. These issues are properly addressed by ICAO in its agenda, defining standards for reducing aviation emissions in Annex 16. The University of Žilina has special laboratories dealing with the environmental impact of aviation and subsequent research aimed at reducing it.
ANALYSIS OF JET ENGINE COMPONENTS HEAT RESISTANCE IMPROVEMENT BY TBC COATING
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Čerňan, Jozef; Janovec, Michal; Cúttová, Miroslava
The operation of jet engines in aviation is a very challenging task also in view of the high demands on the safety of such an operation. One of the most dangerous phenomena that affects the safe operation of these engines is the unstable work of the compressor. The object of the research in this article is to find appropriate and simple way to improve heat resistance of the MPM-20 experimental engine components, suffered by high thermal load, which resulted in the destruction of its gas turbine. A metallographic and microscopic analysis was carried out on the experimental specimens improved by TBC coating for decreasing of thermal conductivity. The results of experiments with TBC coatings shows decrease of the sample temperature for samples covered with TBC coating comparing to samples withou it. This fact can contribute to the development of new surface treatment of jet engine components with higher heat resistance and better reliability.
APPLICATION CONCEPT FOR THE NEW COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR THE ROTORCRAFT
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Korzec, Izabela; Łusiak, Tomasz; Bugaj, Martin
This presentation shows certain number of material samples composite with different polymer reinforcement and weave, made by the manual lamination method under certain conditions. The samples have been made under laboratory conditions. In turn, the purpose of experimental testing was to determine mechanical properties such as: microstructure of laminates, hardness tensile and compressive strength. At the beginning of this work the terminology of the word composite and its division is described. In the next part of the work is information on the reinforcements used to obtain composite materials, their manufacturing methods, and their main application in industry. Chapters (own research) describes the results of the conducted research microstructure of composite laminates, hardness measurement results were analyzed. The analysis of the obtained strength results was carried out using the Shore'a method and the analysis of the obtained strength results for stretching and squeezing. The obtained results are presented in the diploma thesis in graphic form, then described and compared.
ASSESSMENT OF THE MENTAL STATE OF PILOTS
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Kandera, Branislav; Chodelka, Frederik; Škvareková, Iveta
The main aim of this article is to define and evaluate current status of the problem, to point out insufficient or even missing mental health examinations of pilots and possible fatal consequences including air accidents caused by pilots’ mental health. According to actual regulations, mental health examinations are being provided only during the first aero-medical examination when applying for first class medical certificate. Today, the mental health is not being evaluated even during the regular examinations for the first class certificate neither for other classes certificates. The mental state of pilots is almost never checked which can mean a real danger for civil aviation. The results of not controlling mental state of pilots might lead to fatal accidents and innocent lives losses. The analysis of air accidents covered in this thesis is based on accidents’ investigations final reports and other relevant sources. Also, the knowledge gained from interviews with experts is applied. Even though the air accidents caused by psychical state of pilots are infrequent, the examinations of pilots’ mental health should not definitely be underrated and neglected.
CHANGES IN THE FIELD OF BACKROUND CHECK
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Lysina, Karol; Kandera, Branislav
The Aviation Security system, like other areas of civil aviation and almost all other human activities in life, is tied to skills, knowledge and experience. This is a look at changes in the field of background check.
COMPARISON OF SLOVAK AND POLISH UAV LEGAL FRAMEWORK
(University of Zilina, 2020) Novák Sedláčková, Alena; Iljaszewicz, Paulina
This paper is focused on the comparison of Slovak and polish UAV legal framework. In the paper is detailed description of the polish approach to application of UAV legal rules and explain the general principles implemented in Slovak national legal system. The paper points out the identical basic rules, which are based on the UAV European legal framework, as well as the changes that occurred after the application of "new" European UAV rules in the Slovak Republic in 2019.
FAILURE RATE ANALYSIS IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Bugaj, Martin; Pecho, Pavol; Janovec, Michal
An aircraft is a complex object composed of many complicated and interrelated parts, components and systems. Reliability of all parts and systems is very important to aircraft because operation of aircraft can affect flight safe directly. Aircraft failure rate is an important parameter of aircraft operation to maintain the effective level of reliability. The failure rate is the probability of failure at a point in time. When a part, component or system is not functional it can be upgraded through replacement or repair, and the condition of the aircraft is restored to some degree. We can defined several approaches to aircraft maintenance. There are maintenance can be based on condition, which is, items are repaired when they fail. Failure during operation can have serious consequences, so detection of items with a high probability of failure through periodic inspection is a major component of maintenance. This paper analyses how we can define the aircraft failure rate and its impact on operational reliability of aircraft.
FMEA ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC RESCUE PARASCHUTE SYSTEM FOR CIVIL AVIATION
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Pecho, Pavol; Gáborová, Miroslava; Škvareková, Iveta; Ažaltovič, Viliam
The article analyzes the topic of rescue parachute systems, with a focus on pilot parachutes used by civic aviation pilots in emergency situations. The work is in addition to pilot parachutes, focused and most ballistic rescue systems for aircraft and firing parachute systems, which fulfill an equally important role in aviation. The issue was analyzed by FMEA analysis, which was applied to the automatic rescue system. The outcome of this study is the evaluation criteria of current technical systems to reduce the risk number “R”. For each of the safety enhancement solutions, the article contains a separate proposal for technical improvements that are suitable for implementation in practice. Such solutions ultimately represent an increase in civil aviation safety as such.
THE IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE AND WEAR ON LI-PO ACCUMULATORS DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Kubáč, Tomáš; Hospodka, Jakub
The goal of this paper was to find out how the ambient temperature affects the discharge characteristics and the useful energy density of lithium polymer accumulators. Also, to identify how these parameters are affected by age and wear of these accumulators. Li-Po accumulators are the most used energy source for small unmanned aerial vehicles. It is very important to know limitations of this energy source to allow efficient and safe usage. Especially these days, when these machines are being introduced into many industries. It has been found that low temperatures have a negative impact on the available accumulator capacity, especially the older ones. High temperatures, on the other hand, only slightly increased the capacity of the new accumulator. The old accumulator was affected more, higher temperatures helped to increase its available capacity. Using information gathered form this paper would help them use Li-Po accumulators more efficiently and save money on new ones because of increased life time.
KONSPEKT AKVIZÍCIE GEOPRIESTOROVÝCH DÁT PRE VYTVORENIE 3D MODELU REFERENČNÉHO LETISKA
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Škultéty, Filip; Janovec, Michal
When rendering large scenarios for flight simulators, we encounter similar problems as in the case of scenes for cinematography or computer games. In the case of this work, we solve the rendering of the earth's surface for any camera configuration, and we try to maximize the quality of the rendered images without a visible decrease in the rendering frequency. The article is devoted to the creation of a reference model of the Piešťany airport (LZPP) as a part of the scenery for a certified flight simulator. The presented solution maintains a stable 60 frames per second when rendering the airport surface from any distance and direction.
THE MEASUREMENT OF PILOT WORKLOAD
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Škvareková, Iveta; Ažaltovič, Viliam; Pecho, Pavol; Kandera, Branislav
The article is focused on objective measurement of pilot workload during IFR flight. For the purpose of our research, we decided to use eye monitoring technology to record eye movements to determine the pilot's performance. Eye monitoring provides data on the number of eye movements,number of visual intakes, number of saccades, number of blinks, fixations and the durations of these. Our study incorporated overall six pilots divided into two groups: the experienced and inexperienced. The measurements were performed on the ELITE S923 flight simulator located at Žilina airport, Dolný Hričov. Measurement and analysis of the data showed that the pilots showed significant deviations when comparing the two pilot samples. We also demonstrated various scanning techniques during ILS and NDB approaches. The conclusion of our work summarizes the measurement results and the use of eye track technology in the future.
METHODOLOGY FOR INSPECTION OF RIVETED SAMPLES BY THE ECA METHOD
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Janovec, Michal; Čerňan, Jozef
The eddy current method is very often used technique of non-destructive testing and evaluation of materials. The method is very suitable for the detection of cracks that result from fatigue or cracking as a result of stress corrosion. Eddy current testing can be performed with minimal part preparation and a high degree of sensitivity. The eddy current method is used for the detection of surface and subsurface failures, corrosion in aircraft structures, holes for fixing various components and thread cracks. The paper describes the application of the eddy current method ECA in the inspection of riveted joints of the produced sample. The riveted sample is made of aluminum sheets and countersunk head rivets. Simulated damages are created around the rivet holes on the riveted specimen. Artificially formed notches simulate cracks around the rivet holes, and aluminum powder is used to simulate corrosion of aluminum sheets. These damages are then scanned with an Olympus OmniScan MX flaw defectoscop and the results of the measurements are evaluated in this article. SAB-067-005-032 and SBB-051-150-032 are used for non-destructive measurements.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURAL AERIAL WORKS
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Kováčik, Ľubomír
Aerial works in agriculture have began in the early 50s, by converting existing aircrafts into aircrafts capable of applying solid or liquid. Since then, aircraft have undergone major changes regarding airframes, engines and avionics. These changes allows them to continue to compete with ground machinery, which in some areas of the world has completely pushed out aviation technology.
OCCURRENCE OF SELECTED DANGEROUS WEATHER PHENOMENA AT ZILINA AIRPORT DURING THE YEAR
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Jarošová, Miriam
Human activities are dependent on weather conditions. Aviation is a rapidly developing area of transport that is very sensitive to weather conditions and their changes. Therefore, thefocus of researchis on the occurrence of dangerous weather phenomena at and near the airport. Dangerous phenomena include visibility and storm-related phenomena. In this article, attention is paid to the occurrence of dangerous weather phenomena at the Žilina Airport, focusing on the occurrence of fog, mist, haze and storms in the years 2015 to 2017.
PRAVDEPODOBNOSŤ NEHODY BEZPILOTNÉHO LETECKÉHO PROSTRIEDKU NA ZEMI V OBÝVANEJ OBLASTI
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Ažaltovič, Viliam; Škvareková, Iveta; Pecho, Pavol; Kandera, Branislav
The study in this paper defines the amount of the possible ground casualty risk of randomly falling out-of-control UAV on a picked flight path, which was defined from the city of Žilina to the city of Martin, which were 29 km apart. For this area, the probability of a third party casualties caused by lose of control during the flight of UAV, was calculated. For these calculations was used the Equivalent Level of Safety approach. The conclusion provides recommendations for safety improvements during planning flight routes for unmanned aerial vehicles.
SELECTED ASPECTS OF EUROPEAN AVIATION REGULATION AMENDED THE INITIAL AIRWORTHINESS
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Koblen, Ivan; Jančovič, Igor
The introduction deals with importance of ensuring of high level of safety in civil aviation, initial and continuing airworthiness as well as mission of European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). The authors inform about regulation and implementation framework of initial airworthiness focusing on selected information related to the so called New Basic Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 (exemption from this common rules for Member State in the design, production, maintenance and operation activities in respect of one or more selected categories of aircraft and regulation of rules for sport and recreational aviation) and application of adopted Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) and Guidance Material (GM) for the Part 21 of Regulation (EU) 748/2012. Following further parts of this paper, the authors introduce the European plan for aviation safety, which consists of the complete set of EASA assignments regarding to rulemaking tasks (RMT). The important part of paper is focused on information concerning the change of Regulation (EU) 748/2012 and explaining the reasons and substance of these changes as well as presentation of several new tools, for establishing of several new instruments to support the implementation of simple and proportionate rules for aviation sport and recreational flying in the context of the revision of Regulation (EU) No 748/2012 and its Part 21 in the following areas: implementation of the relevant provisions of the New Basic Regulation, release of aeronautical parts without an EASA Form 1, the second phases of the integration of the safety management system and instructions for continued airworthiness.
UNLAWFUL ACTS IN MARITIME AND AIR TRANSPORT
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Galieriková, Andrea; Materna, Matúš; Sosedová, Jarmila
Maritime and civil aviation security is a global problem posed by terrorism and unlawful acts and as such it requires global attention and global solutions that only the respective international organisations (International Maritime Organisation and the International Civil Aviation Organisation) can provide. The terrorist attacks of 11th of September 2001 has started a new period of history. This period can be characterised as instable, unpredictable and reshaping of comples systems, including new types of threats. The main objective of the paper is to analyse and compare the most serious types of unlawful acts (piracy and terrorism) with the regard to the legislative and jurisdiction. Particular consideration is given to unlawful acts on the sea and in airspace above the sea for comparability of legal phenomena.
WHICH FACTORS ARE BEHIND THE EXISTENCE OF REGIONAL AIR CARRIERS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER COUNTRIES?
(Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, 2020) Tomová, Anna; Novák Sedláčková, Alena
This paper provides the design of two econometric models using the quantitative factors such as the existence of the low-cost carrier(s) in examined countries, GDP per capita, the area of countries, the number of inhabitants and other factors to answer the question which factors are behind the existence of regional air carriers in the EU´s member countries. One model (aimed at the existence of regional air carriers) was tested. The results of the test point to the necessity to work with the second version of the model in future. Such model would be aimed at the number of regional air carriers including also other variables (for instance old vs new member countries).